Thank you for the responses.
I had the neighbor's pool company take a look at the heater, and they didn't find anything wrong. However, they didn't perform a deep inspection—just turned it on a couple of times, and it seemed fine. Since then, I've fired it up 5 or 6 times without any issues or "backfiring." I've also ensured that none of the other appliances in the house were using the gas lines, thinking that pressure might be a factor. Most of the time, I run the pool heater during cooler months when the furnaces are on in the house.
I'd like to have someone come out for a more thorough inspection. Is there anything else I should check on my end before calling a professional? I'm comfortable handling the pool chemistry a few times a week, but the heater's internals are beyond my expertise. What's the best way to find a reputable repair technician, or does anyone have any recommendations in my area?