And it turns out the acid vapors were, indeed, fatal to my exposed sensor setup: after only one day inside the tank, every metallic surface including solder joints had a green or gray patina, and the sensor had failed electrically. So I knew I had to have a hermetic enclosure for the sensor, and I needed to find a transparent window material as part of the solution.
So I had another sensor, and my next step was to see if any transparent material I had on hand would allow the sensor to work correctly. Short answer is no. So far I've looked at 3mm acrylic, 3mm glass, 0.4mm plastic of some sort, and Costco shrink wrap. The two thicker materials both failed miserably. The 0.4mm plastic looked a little better, but had severe non-linear behavior under 100mm distance and beyond that distance it did not function. The shrink wrap allowed the sensor to work just fine, but it's hardly durable enough to be used for the purpose. So my conclusion so far is that using the VL53LO optical sensor is simply not going to work.
For completeness, I thought I'd mention a couple of other options that I considered earlier and discarded:
(1) I thought about measuring the weight of the entire tank, acid and all, using a set of load cells and an HX711 electronics chip, commonly used in bathroom scales. I had such a sensor set from a previous hobby project. I discarded this path because my acid tank is bolted to a slab of concrete (this is earthquake country, after all!).
(2) I made an "acid displacement probe" out of an 18" piece of sprinkler pipe, empty and sealed at both ends. I attached a vertical load cell to measure the net of the probe weight and the buoyancy force (equal to the weight of the displaced acid at any given immersion level). This rig worked OK in my pool water, but, again, the load cell is made out of aluminum and its sensing elements are electrical strain gauges, so putting that inside the tank would fail for the same reasons that the VL53LO did.
(3) I thought about putting a magnet on a float, constrained within a sprinkler pipe mounted inside the tank. The magnet's vertical position could be detected by one or more reed switches on the outside of the tank. While I think this could be made to work, it would only provide a coarse resolution of the acid level at best. Perhaps that's good enough to trigger a text message to refill the holding tank.
So I'm up for any other ideas you all might have. I've enjoyed this project along the way, and I really enjoyed the interaction with a knowledgeable group of folks. Thanks for that...Jack