You ran the pump dry, and the clog you describe is what caused that to happen. now you have fittings that are plumbed in and out of the pump which are now much looser from the heat a dry pump can create, (we call this meltdown) maybe the pump basket got melted too (check the basket) and other pump related areas that can be effected by a high heat condition, what this means is that your sucking in a lot of air (air leaks) now, and there's so much air in the system, that when you turn the pump off, it blows back through the skimmer, you can verify this by bleeding the air out of the filter first , before you turn it off, and the skimmer wont blow water out, or blow the skimmer lid off .
so...leaf clog= water starved pump= how many hours the pump ran before you discovered the leaf clog= the severity of your current problem, which ain't got nuthin to do with the filter...
I have seen pool pumps that got so hot, when i removed the pump lid to inspect the damage, there was water violently boiling in the pump basket area, melting the plastic basket to the point it could no longer be pulled out of pump, and a thick cloud of hot steam blew out of the pump also. this extreme also causes the pump to no longer pull prime on its own until air leaks are eliminated.
But since i can't put eyes on it i can only advise as to what my 30 years of pool experience, having worked on thousands of pools, tells me, based on your description.
Good luck.