Okay, so I FINALLY got everything apart and back together and spent like 3 hours researching the wiring. Hooked everything back up and turned it on. It emitted a very loud buzzing/humming sound for a few seconds and then blew the breaker.
I'm working with 230V, have the pump connected to 2 breakers on the panel (I didn't mess with that at all), a 230V socket and plug, and the motor is set to 230V. I followed the instructions for a 230V system with the only exception being I don't have a red wire at all, only a white one (which I read can be substituted for red in this circumstance).
When I put everything back together, I made sure all the "top"s were aligned, loved at several YouTube videos to make sure I was doing everything correctly, and had a new gasket/seal assembly kit.
What did I do wrong?