Many thx for your replies!
I have at least a km to nearest industry or agricultural site. There´s nothing I know of that give large waste into air. Have no signs of downfall on the cover. I´m no expert, but have no ideas of what could possible be coming from the atmosphere. Ideas of what to be looking for?
The liner is standard vinyl I believe - it´s an Intex above ground pool. I have some plastic tubing in the system that´s not normal pool equipment, I have wondered if they could be causing the faint "plastic" smell. I have also a stainless steel heat exchanger that´s not normal pool equipment either. I´ve had some corrosion problems with it during winter, but not noticed anything in season. Finally I´ve used a home-made clear plastic cover now and then. Everything else is standard pool equipment

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At startup with new water, I get a brown cloud in the water when chlorinating, it forms a dust on the bottom. This I believe is Iron from the fresh water. It does though only form on the bottom.
Do you have any ideas of possible inorganic sources that can cause this? Especially depositing on walls, easily removed, and the different colors green / yellow / brown I see.
Chlorine does at least have a bleaching effect on this stuff - I put the cloth used for brushing in a bucket of more concentraded chlorine, and the brown residues after brushing is bleached over night.
Regarding the cover - I do keep it off now and then, don´t think it would matter.
CYA test: I´m certainly a beginner in testing. Last time it was not full sunshine, but possible misreading because of this would give me a false high CYA, not the opposite? I read also that beginners tend to interpret the CYA too high.
There has been quite a lot of rain this year, so there has been some dilution of the pool water, but I don´t think it could explain the whole difference between calculated added 40 CYA and the measured 20 CYA. But I tend to trust the measurement more.