Hello ckendalls: The amount of BAC used in the Aqua Clarity product which is then added to hundreds of gallons of water leaves a negligible ppm in the water. It has been around for many decades and is used in thousands of products. There would be dramatically more health related issues from hot tubs if we didn’t have these maintenance products.
Thanks
@ckendalls for that BAC research (
Benzalkonium Chlorides: Uses, Regulatory Status, and Microbial Resistance), which shows that no BAC level has been proven to be "negligible". While it is correct that BACs have been in widespread use for decades, in thousands of products, that doesn't mean BACs have no link to any adverse health outcomes - not everyone walking the earth today is in perfect health, quite the opposite actually.
This research shows that no research exists (as of 2019) to prove the safety of BACs and QACs on the human microbiota of the skin, gut, and others, which are lately associated with numerous diseases and health issues.
Direct quotes of the parts relevant to human hot tub usage:
"Most studies and governmental agencies agree that BACs are not innocuous substances, even when used in small concentrations. Safety concerns regarding their use are frequently associated with long-term contact product use"
"The EPA recognized the toxicity of BACs to the aquatic environment and its inhabitants, advising against the release of BACs into lakes, oceans, or other waters. Since then, their toxicity to aquatic organisms, as well as other animals, has been well established"
"Considerable cell toxicity was observed
in vitro for human ocular cells exposed to BAC concentrations as low as 0.0001%"
"0.1% is the maximum concentration that can be safely used in contact products, according to the American College of Toxicology"
"0.5-1% causes skin irritation"
"The exposure to the (BAC) biocide can occasionally increase biofilm formation by bacteria. Continuous exposure of bacteria to BACs resulted in thicker biofilms, as observed with scanning electron microscopy. The susceptible strains became strong biofilm formers as well after a period of adaptation (exposure) to BACs."
"Microbial strains with decreased susceptibility to BACs have also been isolated directly from real-case scenarios, environments in which BACs is frequently used as a biocide"
"Some microbial communities and species such as
Pseudomonas spp. are capable of degrading BACs, converting them into less toxic chemicals and utilizing them as secondary (biofilm) substrates and energy sources"
"The
Pseudomonas sp. strains can naturally withstand the highest concentrations of BACs.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa survives at up to 1,600 and 1,200 mg/liter BACs with or without a previous adaptation to the chemical, respectively."
MRSA, e.coli, salmonella, listeria, all rapidly evolve from 15-30 days of gradually-increasing BAC exposure to become cross-resistant to both BACs and many clinically-relevant antibiotics.
Their conclusion: "There is evidence that the continuous use of biocides and their release to the environment in subinhibitory concentrations may lead to the emergence of tolerant, resistant, and cross-resistant microbial strains. Another link that remains to be determined is the impact of BACs and QACs in general to the human microbiota of the skin, gut, and others, which are lately associated with numerous diseases and performance outcomes. Limiting the use and regulating and monitoring chemicals such as BACs are important to reduce the negative impacts on humans and the environment."
My takeaways: Are we sure that we should be soaking in "neglible" concentrations of BACs and QACs, and who determined it was safe to drain into the yard/sewer? The EPA seems to say the opposite. Isn't this exactly how triclosan and chlorhexidine got banned? After they were put into thousands of antibacterial products and used for a decade or 2, research came out showing how bad they were to release into the environment.
@Ahhsomeguy Based on your calculations, what is the exact ppm or mg/L of BACs and QACs, both separately, in 400gal of water at the recommended Aqua Clarity maintenance dose of 1oz per 200gal?