The replacement motor was scheduled to arrive tomorrow, but yesterday the package tracking info said it was going to arrive early so I disassembled the pump to have it ready ahead of time. Turns out the tracking info was a lie, so rather than have the pump down an extra day (or more) I figured I had nothing to lose by digging into the defective motor.
As best as I can figure, the gap between the run high speed contacts was just slightly too big, so if the motor didn't spin up fast enough, the governor, and by association the start/run contact arm, wouldn't move completely to its run position, but move just enough to break the starting circuit. Motor loses speed because neither circuit is engaged, start contact closes, motor accelerates, breaks start contact, rinse, repeat, chatter until conditions (motor speed, planetary alignment, whatever) allow the governor to move far enough to get the run circuit engaged.
A little tweak to the run contact to ever so slightly close the gap, and I now have a motor that starts on both speeds. Full disclosure; I'm not sure if it's "correct", as in, within manufacturer's spec, but it's working and worst case scenario if it goes down in a blaze of glory, I have another one on the way.
As for the "perfect" shaft seal installation, the metal collar was cockeyed on the impeller. Fixed that, and so far, so good.
Again, thanks to everyone for their insight and guidance, it was and is most appreciated!