OK, well today went significantly better than yesterday. My third-party filter plug shipped, but unfortunately it is now in the hands of USPS, which treats Amazon arrival dates as a mere suggestion. Fingers crossed.
I'm in the middle of my water exchange. That's going well. As I mentioned, this required that the pump be off all day, so the missing filter plug has so far not really cost me any real pump downtime that I wasn't going to have anyway.
Several years ago I meticulously tracked and recorded everything about a similar water exchange, so I now know that my pool is ~250 gallons per inch, at least in the top few feet or so, because the walls are all perfectly perpendicular to the surface. Which makes calculating how much to drain a cinch. I tested at CH 530 today, and targeted CH450, which is only a 15% exchange, because I fill the pool from my softener, which is virtually CH-zero. So 15% of 12300 gallons ÷ 250 gallon/inch = 7.38". I taped a ruler to the coping, aligned with the water level at 7.5":

Then I set up the sump pump and let'er rip. Didn't take long. I just kept an eye on the ruler, which I could do from my pool cam, and stopped the pump at 0".
Then I connected a hose to my dedicated pool-filling hose bib, located inside my pad's water meter box, took a pic of the time and of the water meter, and turned it on. The water meter is dedicated to my auto-filler, so I can track how much evaporation occurs throughout the year, but I also added a hose bib just after the water meter for this very water-exchange routine. I'm tracking how much water it'll take to replace the 7.5" I drained, which will fine-tune/confirm my 250 gallons/inch spec. Neat-o!
In addition to facilitating how much to drain, the meter and the ruler and the tracking all help me predict when the refill will be done (somewhere around midnight tonight). My pool can't overfill, but it will drain off excess fill, so I'll watch it tonight and run out there and turn it off when it's done (I can see both the ruler and the water meter from cams). Then record any new data points for next time.
I set up the sump pump to circulate the pool. I had a heck of a time controlling the output hose. Like that toy we used to have that you'd connect to your hose and it would fly around the lawn until the first kid got brained with it, the output hose was floppin' all around the pool. I tried to tie a rope around it, but that didn't really work. So then I grabbed a 3" SS bolt and some washers and nuts and did it right. I punched a hole through the walls of the hose, about 1" from the end, and threaded the hose onto the bolt, using extra nuts to keep the end of the hose open, like this: head of bolt -> washer -> hose wall -> washer -> nut -> 1.5" gap -> nut -> washer -> other hose wall -> washer -> nut. I tied the rope to the bolt instead of the hose, then tied the other end of the rope to a post. Works great! Hose stays put, near the bottom, and no kinks.
I had already tied the pump to the chair, for the draining, so that I could adjust it's position in the water. I set it at about 8 or 9 inches deep, so worse-case scenario the pump wouldn't drain more than that. You never know what might befall you during this process. Hanging the pump at a safe depth prevents accidentally draining your pool too much.
I'll circulate some chlorine tomorrow, and test the CH, too. Then cross my fingers that my filter plug shows up. But I've got it covered if it doesn't. I have so much going on right now in my garden that I doubt I'll be able to experiment with getting a valve on my filter drain hole. Maybe next year.
So... more than anyone needed to know, but maybe there's a tip or two here that others can use. The most valuable is the bit about tracking your drains and fills so that you can get a gallons per inch figure. That's really useful.
More tomorrow, no doubt!