Head is a measure of pressure it's related to a column of water. Anything that affects the flow increases the head pressure. Pumps are rated in how many feet of head they can pump. If you look at the chart above and the Hayward you'll see that the line stops at 50' of head. Translated, that means that if there was zero suction head and you stood a pipe vertically 50' high, the pump wouldn't produce enough pressure to push water out the top of it. That's a little simplistic but that's basically how it works. Even horizontally, each fitting, length of pipe, rise or fall in elevation, changes the head loss. Lower the pump below the surface of the water and it actually lowers the head loss, raise it above the water level and it increases the head loss.
To read the chart you use the column on the left for head and the line along the bottom for flow. If you know the head loss you find it on the column and follow that line across to where the pump curve intersects the line and then follow the vertical line down to find the flow. (I.E. you know you have 30' of head you follow the line to where the curve intersects the 30' of head line, then go from that point straight down and you'll see that it's almost 80 gpm). Inversely if you know the flow you find it on the bottom line and then follow that line up to where the curve intersects the line then follow that straight across to the head column.