I'm not an expert by any means, but I can tell you this: One of the dents in my pool is precisely what led to our expedited liner replacement project this year.
One of the dents in my pool developed a tiny leak which we successfully patched: Details in this thread:
Potentially Serious Problem
Days after patching, I did not hesitate to sign a contract to have the liner replaced immediately. (Keep in mind my liner was 12 years old - definitely time to replace) I documented the job here:
Liner Replacement Project
Hopefully the experts will chime in... There's really nothing you can do about them unless you want to drain the pool, remove the liner, repair the vermiculite, re-seat the liner and refill. Might as well get a new liner for all that work. As for what causes them... my guess is that minor imperfections in the vermiculite get amplified over time mostly by ground settling. If a tiny leak develops that goes unnoticed, then there is chemical erosion of the vermiculite. Eventually, said leak will completely erode the vermiculite and start eating into the soil. Ultimately, you'd be looking at a sinkhole situation if erosion were to continue. (Worst case of course!)
In my own case, even during the two days when there was a noticeable leak, erosion had gotten to the point where secondary dents were starting to form around the main one.
All you can really do is monitor the nature of the dent. Keep watch and if a leak develops, patch it IMMEDIATELY.
Kelly