Well, first based on your pool size, we would recommend a 4.2+ sqft sand filter. This equates to a ~28" size. So the 24" (3.14 sqft) is actually quite a bit smaller than we would recommend, independent of the pump size. And given your mention of a lot of debris, I would suggest you go with a larger filter or you will find yourself unhappy with the sand filter due to having to backwash fairly often.
With the 30" filter, you will likely have to backwash pretty rarely, and then there is certainly no concern about the pump size. Really the only time pump size would come into play would be if you have a very large pump and a very small filter. The 24" would function with the 1.5 HP pump, although it would have a higher head loss and thus higher pressure and because the water flow rate would be faster than the 30" through the sand, it may not filter quite as well.
I too would think you would be happier with the 30" (although nothing to do with the pump size) and then in the future seriously consider a smaller 2-speed pump (assuming you have no need to high flow rates, like spa, waterfalls, etc) to same money on electricity.