If you see 23XXX or XXX23 it was produced on day XXX of 2023.
I do simple maths and use my cellphone to divide the XXX by 30. Let's say it's 6.3, that's 6 full months plus 10 days, or 10 days into the 7th month, or July 10th. It might be up to 5 days off at the end of the year with unequal months, but 5 days is way close enough for guessing the production date.
You want 3 months or less when possible and sometimes the old stock is up front so you have to dig through the shelf.